ADJECTIVES
Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns and names. An adjective can be put before a noun or after the verb to be.
Tom is a clever boy. He is clever. It is a fast car.
ΕΠΙΘΕΤΑ
Τα επίθετα μπορούν να προσδιορίσουν ουσιαστικά, αντωνυμίες και ονόματα.Ένα επιθετο μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί πριν από το ουσιαστικό ( Tom is a clever boy) αλλά και μετά από το ρήμα to be.
This bike is fast.
Adjectives can go after the following verbs: appear=φαίνομαι, παρουσιάζομαι, become=γίνομαι, feel=αισθάνομαι, get=γίνομαι, νοιώθω, keep=κρατάω, μένω, turn=αλλάζω.
Αdjectives can be used without nouns. Mind the definite article "the":
ΤΑ ΕΠΙΘΕΤΑ ΜΠΟΡΟΥΝ ΝΑ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΟΥΝ ΚΑΙ ΧΩΡΙΣ ΤΑ ΟΥΣΙΑΣΤΙΚΑ. ΠΡΟΣΕΞΤΕ ΟΜΩΣ ΤΟ ΟΡΙΣΤΙΚΟ ΑΡΘΡΟ the.
the rich=rich people= οι πλούσιοι ( χρησιμοποιείται ως ουσιαστικό και αναφέρεται σε όλους τους πλούσιους ανθρώπους)
the poor=poor people=οι φτωχοί ( χρησιμοποιείται ως ουσιαστικό και αναφέρεται σε όλους τους πλούσιους ανθρώπους)
Here is another example with nationalities in the plural: (αναφέρεται γενικά στους Σκωτσέζους ως εθνικότητα)
The Scottish live in the North of the United Kingdom.
Two or more adjectives can be used together.
Δύο ή περισσότερα επίθετα μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν μαζί.
if you use more adjectives you can put them in front of the noun:
a thin young dog
or you can put them after the verb (eg. to be). Then, 'and' is placed between the last two adjectives.
It was hot, dry and cloudy.
Adjectives, ending in -ing and -ed
There are adjectives ending in -ing and -ed. These are participle constructions, used like adjectives. Here are some examples:
Υπάρχουν κάποια επίθετα που τελειώνουν σε -ing και -ed. Θα λέγαμε ότι είναι το αντίστοιχο της ενεργητικής και παθητικής μετοχής στα ελληνικά. Για να καταλάβετε τη διαφορά, σκεφτείτε ότι τα επίθετα σε -ing δείχνουν ότι το ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζεται από το επίθετο προκαλεί μία κατάσταση ή ένα συναίσθημα ( boring film = μία βαρετή ταινία που μας προκαλεί βαριεστημάρα) αλλά, τα επίθετα σε -ed φανερώνουν ότι το ουσιαστικό που προσδιορίζεται από το επίθετο υφίσταται (παθαίνει) κάτι, νοιώθει να του δημιουργείται ένα συναίσθημα (John was very bored= το μάθημα της Ιστορίας έκανε το John να βαρεθεί).
I saw a very boring film yesterday night.
John was very bored at the History lesson yesterday at school.
When I go home at nights I feel very tired.
Peter's job is very tiring. He always returns home tired every night.
Spelling Rules of the Comparison Degrees. ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ ΟΡΘΟΓΡΑΦΙΑΣ ΣΤΟΝ ΣΥΓΚΡΙΤΙΚΟ ΒΑΘΜΟ.
There are two (2) categories, regular and irregular adjectives. The spelling varies accordingly. Υπάρχουν δύο (2) κατηγορίες επιθέτων, τα ομαλά και τα ανώμαλα. Η ορθογραφία ποικίλει ανάλογα.
Regular Adjectives: ΟΜΑΛΑ ΕΠΙΘΕΤΑ
All adjectives having from one to two syllables, form the Comparative Form with the ending -er and the Superlative Form with the ending -est. All adjectives having more than two syllables, form the Comparative Form with the word more before them and the Superlative form with the word most.
Όσα επίθετα έχουν από μία έως δύο συλλαβές σχηματίζουν τον Συγκριτικό βαθμό με την προσθήκη της κατάληξης-er και τον Υπερθετικό με την προσθήκη της κατάληξης -est. Όσα επίθετα έχουν παραπάνω από δύο συλλαβές σχηματίζουν τον Συγκριτικό με τη λέξη more πριν από αυτά και τον Υπερθετικό με τη λέξη most πριν από αυτά.
Comparison with -er/-best
a) Adjectives with one syllable.
Επίθετα με μία συλλαβή.
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
clean cleaner cleanest
cheap cheaper cheapest
b) Adjectives with two syllables ending in consonant + y = -iest
Επίθετα με δύο συλλαβές που τελειώνουν σε σύμφωνο + y
(Εκτός από το shy-shyer-shyest)
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
happy happier happiest
easy easier easiest
c)Adjectives with two syllables ending in -er.
Επίθετα με δύο συλλαβές που τελειώνουν σε - er
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
clever cleverer cleverest
d) Adjectives ending in -ow
Επίθετα που τελειώνουν σε - ow.
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
narrow narrower narrowest
e) Adjectives ending in silent -e
Επίθετα που τελειώνουν σε άηχο - e.
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
large larger largest
f)Adjectives ending in consonant-stressed vowel-consonant double the consonant.
Επίθετα που τελειώνουν σε σύμφωνο - τονιζόμενο φωνήεν- σύμφωνο διπλασιάζουν το σύμφωνο.
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
fat fatter fattest
sad sadder saddest
Comparison with more - most
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
fantastic more fantastic the most fantastic
ΑΝΩΜΑΛΑ ΕΠΙΘΕΤΑ
There is a number of adjectives that form the comparative and superlative form in their own way and not by following the general rules.
Positive Comparative Superlative
good better best
far farther/further farthest/ further
bad worse worst
much more most
many more most
little less least
EXCEPTIONS FROM THE RULES
ΕΞΑΙΡΕΣΕΙΣ
1. There are adjectives having two syllables that follow two rules. These adjectives can take both an -er / -est ending and a more/ most ending.
Υπάρχουν επίθετα που έχουν δύο συλλαβές αλλά σχηματίζουν τον συκριτικό και υπερθετικό και με τους δύο (2) τρόπους.
Positive Comparative Superlative
clever cleverer cleverest
clever more clever most clever
gentle gentler gentlest
gentle more gentle most gentle
friendly friendlier friendliest
friendly more friendly most friendly
quiet quieter quietest
quiet more quiet most quiet
simple simpler simplest
simple more simple most simple
2. Rule (Κανόνας): Tom is the tallest of all pupils in the class.
Exception (Εξαίρεση): Tom is the taller of the two brothers. Mary is the shortest of both her sisters.
Explanation (Εξήγηση): Κατ'εξαίρεση, χρησιμοποιούμε τον συγκριτικό βαθμό με τη λέξη ''the'' πριν από το επίθετο, όταν ακολουθoύν οι φράσεις< of the two, of both>.
BUILDING SENTENCES
ΧΤΙΖΟΝΤΑΣ ΠΡΟΤΑΣΕΙΣ
Comparative: Tom is taller than Alice.
Alexandra is shorter than Tom.
adjective + er + than
Superlative:
the+most + adjective
When we use the superlative, we compare an item with others at the highest degree. Also, we use prepositions of or in. e.g: Tom is the tallest boy in the class. Tom is the tallest of all pupils.
Όταν χρησιμοποιούμε τον Υπερθετικό βαθμό, συγκρίνουμε ένα αντικείμενο με άλλα σε απόλυτο βαθμό. Δηλαδή, δεν μπορεί να γίνει άλλη σύγκριση. Π.χ: Phillipa is the most beautiful girl in her class.
EX1: Choose between the two. Comparative or Superlative?
Fill in the blanks with either the Comparative or Superlative Degree of the adjective. Don't forget to use ''than'' in the Comparative or ''the'' in the Superlative.
1. Mary is ........................................................................................her sister, Anna. ( tall)
2. Anna is ........................................................................................her sister, Mary. ( short)
3. My uncle owns ...............................................................car of all in the family. (fast)
4. Mrs Brown has a .......................................................life........................her sister. (simple)
5. Jason's Street is.........................................................................Dimitriados Street. (narrow)
6. My bedroom is ......................................................................................................my brother's. (clean)
7. It's so awful! His feet become........................................everyday! Does he ever wash them? (dirty)
8. Maths is a.........................................................lesson.........................Language! (difficult)
9. English is so ..............................................................................................German! (easy)
10. Mrs Alexandra's class ......................................................Mr Peter's class. ( quiet)
11. When I was younger I was much........................................ I am nowadays. (thin)
12. Diana has ...................................................................feet in the school. (big)
13. My mum makes ..........................................................cakes of all ! (delicious)
14. I believe that dogs are ................................................cats. (friendly)
15. Russia is very colder and a lot ............................................Egypt! I'd rather go to Egypt! (far)
16. In cold countries people have a spicy cuisine to keep themselves warm but in India where it is hot they eat.................................food. (spicy)
17. Greece is one of.........................................countries in the world! (sunny)
18. The winter in Russia is ...................................................winter on earth. (bad)
19. I must hang up now, Nick! Call me! I've got ................talking time..............you! ( little)
20. My second term marks were much ................................my first term ones. (good)
EX2: Read the following descriptions about Thalia, Peter and Joakim and make comparisons using both the Comparative and Superlative degree.
THALIA
Thalia is 11 years old and has 4 sisters and a brother. She lives in a house with 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, 1 living room and 1 kitchen. At school, Thalia is very good at Maths and Language. She loves sports and is very good at playing tennis. Thalia is 1.58m tall and weighs 45 kilos.
PETER
Peter is 15 years old and is the only child in his family. There're 4 rooms in his house but, he's got his own room.At school, Peter is not good at Maths but he loves Languages. He also loves sports and is very good at playing basketball. He is 1.89m tall and weighs 75 kilos.
JOAKIM
Joakim is 13 years old and has 2 brothers. He lives in a house with 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 living room, 1 playroom and 1 kitchen. Joakim is very good at drawing and playing music. He is 1.70m tall and weighs 62 kilos.
e.g Thalia is younger than Peter.
Thalia is the youngest of all children.
USE THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES: YOUNG/ OLD/ HEAVY/ THIN/ BIG/SMALL/ A LOT/ GOOD/ TALL/SHORT/
USE THE FOLLOWING VERBS: TO BE/ TO WEIGH/ TO HAVE/ TO LOVE/ THERE IS/THERE ARE
USEFUL TIPS: STUDY THE THEORY GIVEN ABOVE, AS WELL AS THE NOTES IN YOUR NOTEBOOKS AT SCHOOL.
ΧΡΗΣΙΜΕΣ ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΕΣ: ΜΕΛΕΤΗΣΤΕ ΤΗ ΘΕΩΡΙΑ ΠΟΥ ΣΑΣ ΔΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΚΟΡΥΦΗ ΤΗΣ ΣΕΛΙΔΑΣ, ΟΠΩΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΣΑΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΠΡΟΧΕΙΡΟ ΤΕΤΡΑΔΙΟ ΠΟΥ ΚΡΑΤΑΤΕ ΣΤΟ ΣΧΟΛΕΙΟ.
